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All of them offer close interaction between various means and use devices of identification of different types. Necessity of active reaction of system on attempt of the non-authorized penetration into a protected premise (the message on the central post of a security and acceptance of measures to detention of the infringer) is marked. Problems of any system of controllable access - allow to the authorized person to get access in a premise or to the equipment and to prevent penetration into protected zones to the non-authorized person. Thus occurrence of two types of mistakes is possible: refusal to the authorized person in the admission and the admission of the non-authorized person.
Foreign experts usually understand assignment as identification to objects and subjects of personal identifiers (names, codes, passwords, etc.) It is considered, that identification is a systematic task which accuracy of the decision decreases at increase of number of candidates. The candidate is understood as the person, wishing to pass in a protected zone. The identification assumes comparison those..... Information on the candidate with reference, stored in a computer memory (the reference information gathers before and it is attributed to the certain person). Accuracy of the decision of a task of the identification generally does not depend on number of candidates (when it is not connected to restriction of a memory size). We shall consider in more detail ways of an identification of the person. Attribute ways are clear enough and do not demand explanatory. We shall notice only, that they are most subject a various sort to fakes and swindle (including payoff, blackmail and even hypnosis). Personal ways are most attractive. First, they full describe each person, and second, it is impossible or to transfer or forge individual characteristics extremely difficultly. Other ways include the analysis of internal physical characteristics, such as prints of fingers. They give very small probability of mistakes of both types as do not demand any complex actions of the candidate and are stable in time. In some sources it is underlined relative ease of a fake of these characteristics with what other authors (because there is an opportunity of application PC-and other detectors) disagree. Other lack is dearness of the equipment. Other ways use the transformed signals changing in time. Physiological characteristics inside this group are the least investigated and perspective from the point of view of reduction of mistakes in the identification. The characteristics dependent on habits and skills, are not only the most simple for fakes, but also the cheapest from the point of view of practical realization. The ways of the identification based something remembered (a code, the password, etc.), Can be applied in cases of the lowest requirements to safety as frequently this information enters the name users on misses or in notepads that can bring to nothing all efforts. Besides there is an opportunity to peep, overhear or receive this information other way (blackmail, payoff, etc.) the Way of the identification is direct other person is rather unreliable because of so-called " the human factor ", consisting that the person is subject to influence of many external conditions (easing of attention because of bad state of health, emotional stress, payoff, etc.)
Let's consider two ways of the identification: on identification maps (attribute) and under personal characteristics. The devices of the identification using identification maps. The elementary and most widespread method of identification the photograph, etc. uses various cards on which can be located the coded and not coded information on the owner of its power. Usually it is plastic cards such as misses or counters, and also usual punched cards. Maps are entered in reading device each time when it is required enters or to leave from a protected premise or to get access to work on the terminal, etc. There are many versions of devices of the identification and identification the persons using similar maps. The information is rendered by different ways; sets of the coded data are various also. In the foreign commercial market there are similar devices of firms Visual Methods, MITRE Corp., Cardkey (USA), etc. Cost of the ramified complex system of such type makes from 25 thousand up to 40’000$. Considered devices are applied not only to protection and protection, but rather they have received a wide circulation in bank system, for calculations for purchases in shops etc... As maps can be stolen from the owner or to forge, reliable protection against non-authorized use is necessary. It can be reached various ways: on the one hand, to make impossible or the extremely difficult a fake, and with another - so to organize system that such data which could be checked easily participated in identification. These data should contain in memory of a computer, are written down on a map, and in especially important cases means of contact to the user (it assumes presence of the operator) are necessary. For maintenance of optimum protection of the document from fakes it is necessary, corrections or imitation of a map as a whole were maximum difficult, any manipulations were well found out visually, the opportunity of automatic check was provided. Criminal policy of Germany has been offered by institute a way of coding of the information and its drawing on a surface of the document. The coded samples in system should meet the following requirements. And to suppose visual check, ;) to contain the individual information about the document for complication of a fake, ;) it is easy to be read by machine for automatic confirmation of authenticity. The information is ciphered by a binary code on 7 bats on one sign (the letter, figure, and a punctuation mark). For automatic processing the document should be read by the special device. The linear - consecutive way of scanning at which the document is represented by a rectangular file has been chosen, inside each of such information is rendered with the help of points which settle down too linearly - is consistently. For this purpose all surface of the document is divided on the certain number of squares in which the information in the coded kind is rendered. For example, if values a bat equally 1 on an initial backgrounds of the document the dark point if 0 - that light is rendered. It changes a background a little, but does not break general view. In a standard photo on the passport it is possible to put thus up to 1476 bats (if each square image contains 8х8=64 points). The reading device will consist of the optical block of development, the microprocessor and the display. If the information is imposed on the original image of the document the signal will consist their two parts: the helpful information and a component of an initial background. In order to prevent an interference signals clear split of components is necessary. Comparison of the current signal with reference and decoding of the information are made by the microprocessor. The described system is rather complex also road, therefore its application it is expedient only on especially important objects. American firm Visual Methods offers system of controllable access in the premises, based on masking of information IData/64/. This system allows employees of a security to supervise easily securities from the central board access in numerous premises. System IDATA uses a map of a usual sample with drawing the latent information. This latent information is not visible in usual light, but IS an irradiation by special source -or ultra-violet radiation can be removed on the eliminator. Usually the owner of a map does not know, what exactly is disguised. The typical sample of a map contains the hidden photo of the owner, the signature and an optical code. The system for research of maps will consist in a standard television camera which simultaneously gives the image of the person of the owner of a map on first half of telescreen. The person of the owner of a map of controllable access facing to system is projected on second half of screen. Thus, the simple television camera allows receiving simultaneously precisely the image of a map and the person of the owner. The chamber transfers also the image of the latent information put, on a map. In a case photos on the screen of the monitor the characteristic aura will be seen. In the bottom part of a map code number (latent) which is compared to number entered by the owner of a map, and is rendered by number stored in memory of a computer.
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